French

From an epistemological perspective, this course provides a basic presentation of the main schools of thought that have shaped—and continue to shape—clinical psychology, so that first‑year psychology students can gain an overview of the field. Examples of current clinical practices are presented through neuropsychology, psychogerontology, and the systemic approach.

This course offers an introduction to contemporary transformations in poverty and institutional responses in France and Europe. It traces the history of French social protection and the main European models and addresses the challenges of defining and quantifying poverty, as well as the associated conceptual debates. The central sessions deal with non-take-up, the effects of public policies on attitudes (policy feedbacks), and stigmatization. Finally, it explores the transformations of minimum social benefits, the restructuring of solidarity policies, and lived experiences of poverty. Readings and group work enable students to develop tools for analyzing social protection systems and current poverty dynamics.

This course is comprised of three parts: conversation, monologue production, and discussion and monologue comprehension. The conversation section encourages students to converse and articulate ideas in French with the help of the teacher and audio text. The monologue production part of the course focuses on discerning and replicating proper French sounds. And finally, in the discussion and monologue comprehension section, students practice both French comprehension and French discussion.

This course explores the major stages in the development of the international relations system from the late 18th century to the dawn of the 21st century, through case studies focused on the Middle East and the Maghreb. The first part examines diplomatic relations between the Ottoman Empire and the European powers, questioning Istanbul’s role in this balance of power. It also analyzes the intellectual and practical frameworks of the various forms of colonial and imperial domination. Particular attention is given to France’s foreign policy in the Mediterranean basin and to the strategies and actions of the Ottoman Empire at the height of imperialism at the turn of the 20th century. The second part focuses on the place of the Middle East and the Maghreb in the international system, from the aftermath of World War I through to the September 11 attacks 2001. It examines the functioning of international organizations such as the League of Nations and the UN through the lens of conflicts in this region, particularly the impact of decolonization and the revolutions of the 1950s and 1960s on the dynamics of the Cold War. Finally, the course analyzes geopolitical realignments linked to the emergence of non-state actors, such as radical transnational movements and American unilateralism. Ultimately, the course examines, from a global historical perspective, the formation of the concepts of the state, sovereignty, and legitimacy. It seeks to understand how the conflicts specific to the Middle East and the Maghreb have shaped and transformed the international system.