Denmark

Marketing is about the creation of value through exchange and transactions, and about auxiliary activities related to these tasks. Marketing can be approached from a behavioral as well as from a management-oriented perspective; this course uses both perspectives. The behavioral perspective takes its point of departure in topics such as competition, internationalization, and consumer behavior. In this course, consumer behavior receives special attention. Besides this, theories and models that describe and explain core marketing activities such as segmentation, positioning, product development, distribution, pricing, and market communication are central. This part constitutes an important basis for the management-oriented perspective. Using a management perspective, the management and monitoring of activities related to exchanges and transactions of products and services constitute the main issues. From a management perspective, marketing is about decision making, that is, about deciding marketing and competition strategies, and about the usability, formulation, combination and use of "classic" marketing tools. This part is about making well-founded choices with respect to general and business-unit strategies, competition strategy, segmentation and positioning, product, price, distribution, and communication strategies.

This course covers the biology of the viruses, bacteria, and fungi that cause plant diseases. Students are introduced to the following: the concepts symptomology, aetiology, pathogenicity, taxonomy and diagnosis; the molecular, cellular, and genetic aspects of pathogenicity and disease resistance; basic ecological and epidemiological principles in relation to the establishment and spread of plant diseases; plant disease control measures (disease management and chemical control); prophylactic measures, e.g., disease resistance, forecasting and legislation; up and coming control measures, e.g., biological control and induced resistance; post-harvest diseases and food safety; case studies of plant diseases in agriculture, horticulture, and forestry.

This focuses on the thermodynamics of biological systems. These are in particular biological macromolecules (proteins and nucleic acids), membranes, and the interactions between them. The course includes a brief introduction into concepts of thermodynamics and statistical thermodynamics. Topics are (amongst others): protein binding, protein and DNA folding, cooperative transitions (helix coil transitions, denaturation, allosteric reactions), cold denaturation, etc. The second major topic is biological membranes, which are those components of a biological cell that separate the functional units and form the special boundaries of the organelles. The major building block is the lipid bilayer into which proteins are embedded. Membranes maintain the chemical potentials of the cell components, and regulate transport. The membrane proteins have many catalytic and transport properties. The membranes themselves display all kinds of interesting physical properties; they can melt and they are characterized by elastic constants, which are important for membrane fusion and structural changes and depend on the melting. Furthermore, membranes may be permeable to certain molecules and they form lateral domains of their components, which are highly discussed in the context of cell signaling. The course introduces into the thermodynamics of membranes, their electrostatics, the hydrophobic effect, elastic theory and lipid-protein interactions.

This course offers a study of the effects of mass media and rapidly changing political culture on contemporary society. Students review different cultural, social, and political theories, and explore the relationships between each. Students then analyze media including music, cinema, gaming, fiction, documentaries, and news publications covering national and international politics as expressions of popular political culture. This course uses theoretical insights and analyses to explore and understand four themes in popular political culture: economy, society, environment, and conflict. The course concludes with a discussion of what the theories, analyses, and themes illustrate about popular political culture.

This course examines the financial markets from a micro perspective. Topics covered include: formation of markets from individual traders' actions; market price determinations, individual trades and offers, and incorporation of dispersed information into prices; liquidity and depth of an asset market; optimal behavior for traders in financial markets; bubbles and crashes; institutional details of the exchange and the influence on price formation; the rules of trading as designed by exchanges and regulators; the role of market making, transparent markets, insider trading, taxation of transactions, and high-frequent trading.

This course explores challenges and alternatives to democratic political communication in several contexts. This course is split into two main focuses: populist political communication in liberal democracies, and media politics in non-democratic regimes. When examining communication in liberal democracies, students discuss how populist political actors adapt to changing media and political environments, and use social and traditional media to communicate with their supporters. Additionally, students explore why fake news is prevalent in some media systems as opposed to others, and how fake news and populist communication may undermine and threaten the democratic performance of media. While examining media politics in non-democratic regimes, students analyze how authoritarian elites build pro-government media systems and fake worlds in the digital era. Students also learn how media control and public opinion management contribute to maintaining authoritarian systems. At the global media level, this course studies the soft power efforts of non-democratic actors in online media and satellite television. The course touches upon political journalism and news in social media as well as traditional media, political marketing and campaign strategies, the political economy of media markets and ownership, and censorship and propaganda. Some aspects of popular media culture (e.g., comedy talk shows) are also explored from a political perspective. Special attention is given to the phenomena of the “post-truth world”: fake news, strategic disinformation, alternative realities, and other recent challenges to democratic media in the twenty-first century. Finally, students consider potential strategies that may be formulated in defense of media freedom, media pluralism, and democratic communication.

This course provides a broad introduction to the natural and cultural history and evolution of the Arctic combined with a modern perspective on arctic societies and their livelihood. The course explores topics and case studies within biology, geology, geography, archaeology, and anthropology, as well as the region's modern history, political development, and options for the future.

This course offers a study of programing and of UNIX and Linux operating systems. The UNIX and Linux portion covers content including basic navigation, pipes, configuring the shell, standard UNIX tools, networking, and process control. The programing portion covers programing basics, data types, conditionals, loops, functions, object oriented programing, pattern matching (regular expressions), and computational complexity.

This course offers a study of global environmental governance. The course is divided into three distinct components. The first component introduces key concepts and issues of relevance for global environmental governance as seen from the professional perspectives of political science, geography, law, and life science. The course reviews the most important of those governmental and non-governmental international institutions and regimes that regulate the interaction between society and environment, and students discuss how these institutions and regimes interact with institutions at regional and national levels. The second component examines global environmental themes in the light of global environmental governance, drawing on the various professional approaches, research traditions, analytical frameworks, and more, and focuses mainly on the global and international levels of governance, but also analyzes how these levels interact with the regional and local levels. The third component consists of a project report, in which students work in teams to prepare a written assignment. The course is composed of lectures, discussions, theoretical exercises, and guidance for the written project assignments.