French

This course covers how to select and control the implantation of a yeast strain; control fermentation kinetics by controlling temperature, oxygen, activators, and nutritional factors; follow the progress of alcoholic fermentation and malolactic fermentation using appropriate techniques and analyses to determine the time of runoff and the method of racking; remedy fermentation stops, select and control the implantation of a strain of lactic acid bacteria, control fermentation kinetics by controlling temperature and nutritional factors, and remedy fermentation stops; carry out microbiological control of the product adapted to market demand; and carry out microbiological analyses adapted to monitoring populations of yeasts, fermentative bacteria, and spoilage microorganisms at all stages of production.

This course introduces the issues associated with demographic growth, which has accelerated very significantly over the last half century to soon reach eight billion individuals today. It covers the issues of population geography which vary around inequalities in the distribution and evolution of the population; the challenges of sometimes too rapid growth in the urban population; and the consequences of increased life expectancy. The course studies new societal behaviors to decipher the issues associated with the evolution of pronatalist and matrimonial behaviors. Population migrations, although they are no longer the source of new settlements, constitute a major aspect of this course, and are examined under demographic, societal, and political facets. Finally, the course examines the environmental consequences.

This course provides an introduction to the major economic issues of our time in order to master conceptual and empirical tools. The teaching style reverses the way economics is traditionally taught; instead of starting with the derivation of models, this course starts with a historical or current question or issue and sheds light on it through the use of economic models and concepts. It covers both the benefits of modeling and the inevitable shortcomings of the models used. The course provides a better understanding of major contemporary debates and issues with a strong political and social dimension, such as inequality, climate change, the sources of prosperity and innovation, economic instability and crises, and economic and public policy. It offers a rigorous theoretical introduction informed by recent empirical research and incorporates recent advances in economics, including strategic interactions, contract and information theory, behavioral economics, and new experimental methods. Microeconomics and macroeconomics are treated jointly.

This course approaches the economics of refugees as a theme in its own right within the economics of migration. It provides a comprehensive overview of the contemporary issues involved in receiving people who are forced to move to developed countries. It considers subjects that the tools of economics can decipher and interconnect to inform public decision-making, such as international law, public policy, the behavior of populations in host countries, the impact on the labor market, and climate change, as well as NGOs, international institutions, and companies in the social economy. 

This course considers labor and its exploitation. It discusses the labor theory of value and the concept of exploitation in Marxian theory, as well as the criticisms and the ways they are overcome by analytical Marxism.

This course covers how to differentiate wine-growing soils and understand how, along with the climate, they influence the functioning of the plant and maturation. It also discusses how to characterize maturation and the biochemical processes involved in deciding the harvest date; understand the organization and functioning of the plant to produce quality grapes in a given pedo-climatic context; and use all the data on the organization and functioning of the plant to produce quality grapes in a case study context.

This course studies diplomacy as an instrument, as public policy, and as a form of international social life. The scope and trajectory of the course are determined by the following questions: what is diplomacy and what are its functions? What is a diplomatic actor? How is diplomacy shaped and conducted? What are its limits?

This course is specialized for international students. It presents French history and its political institutions and provides a general knowledge of the French political and legal system. The course covers the history of French construction until 1789; constitutional history of France since 1789; the system of the Fifth Republic; executive power (President, Government) territorial organization; legislative power (the National Assembly, the Senate); judicial power (courts of private and public law, constitutional council); the territorial system (decentralization, local authorities); the distinction between private law, public law, mixed rights; and the hierarchy of norms.

This course focuses on the history of Rome from the foundation of the Republic until the commencement of the imperial era. It explores how the Roman Republic’s political structures allowed it to become the primary power of the Mediterranean and Western worlds. It also explores in depth the authors and historiography of this period.

This course covers how to establish the relationship between chemical and physicochemical mechanisms and the evolution of the quality of a wine. It also covers how to choose the analyses adapted to control or respond to a given problem, carry them out, interpret the results, and give the necessary advice and prescriptions.