France

This course provides both fundamental and advanced knowledge in chemical oceanography, specifically to describe the chemistry of seawater and to present the processes that control its composition. The course offers a quantitative approach to material transfer processes at environmental interfaces, as well as their interactions with the oceanic biosphere, and details the (bio)geochemical processes responsible for modifying these transfers across time and space. The lectures cover topics such as the chemical composition of seawater, inputs of dissolved and particulate material to the ocean, elemental cycles, gases in seawater and ocean–atmosphere exchanges, redox conditions in the ocean, the use and relevance of stable and radioactive isotopes, particle transfer from the ocean surface to the sediments, and material exchanges between the oceanic crust and seawater. The course is complemented by a field excursion in a coastal environment involving sample collection, as well as tutorials and laboratory practical sessions during which the collected samples are analyzed.

This course is an introduction to the study of state-building and state-formation dynamics in Africa since precolonial times, and to the broader question of politics in Africa. It introduces multidisciplinarity into the study of politics: it is indeed one of the major contributions of African studies to combine political science with history, anthropology, and development studies. Two main approaches are combined. First, the historical approach, which evokes pre-colonial, colonial, and post-colonial Africa. Archives, maps and documentary film extracts are used to illustrate the ways in which power is exercised and criticized on the longue durée. Second, the sociological approach considers the modalities of policymaking in Africa, to which a plurality of actors take part – in partnership but also often in competition with state bodies.

This course provides the tools to develop an analysis when confronted with information related to indicators of spatial disparities and development, such as GDP, HDI, economic growth rates, and others. The course places emphasis on concepts, issues, and challenges—of a social and political nature—associated with understanding how indicators are produced, their roles, their limitations, and their embeddedness within political contexts and ideologies. The course encourage students to formulate well‑reasoned arguments supported by knowledge (literature and examples) and by skills (analysis, reformulation, argumentation) on the theme of spatial disparities and development indicators. It equips students to develop their own critical analysis when faced with information concerning spatial organization, spatial inequalities, and development indicators.

This course approaches the city from an urban geography perspective. It repositions cities as a social construct, i.e., as the result of political, economic, technical, and cultural dynamics. It addresses the internal organization of cities, the mechanisms of differentiation between intra-urban spaces, and the social, political, economic, and environmental issues that this entails. Finally, it provides factual and theoretical knowledge (analytical frameworks, theories, concepts) to move from knowledge of urban facts and dynamics to an understanding of the processes that underlie them. This course opens up further study on intra-urban dynamics: processes of gentrification and impoverishment of territories, functional changes, demographic dynamics; the effects of these dynamics on urban organization and functioning: urban sprawl, spatial segmentation and mobility, theatricalization of city centers; and the construction of public problems: socially constructed identification of certain urban dynamics as problematic and requiring intervention by the authorities of the public powers. A minimum knowledge of the different types of intra-urban spaces (city center, suburbs, peri-urban areas) as well as the different types of cities and their functions is a prerequisite for the course.

This course provides an introduction to and vocabulary for medieval architecture: from the paleochristian to the roman era. It covers Roman architecture; materials and techniques of construction; architectural orders, style and vocabulary; how to describe an ediface; religious architecture from Athens to Rome; civil architecture: Agora, Forum, and Spectacle; military architecture; and burial architecture. The course includes a visit to the archeological sites of the paleochristian basilica of Saint Laurent de Choulan.

This course analyzes the different steps of nervous system development during prenatal, postnatal, and adult life, and the pathological consequences of its alterations. Examples of key molecular and cellular processes are studied in several models (invertebrate, vertebrate, in vitro and organoids).

This course explores the various concepts, dynamics, debates, and challenges of cultural globalization. Most chapters start with a review of key writings and concepts that describe the process of globalization through a cultural lens. Guided by this understanding of culture, it questions the notion of globalization as largely the product of Western culture, modernity, and capitalism resulting in a worldwide, homogenized, consumer culture – a scenario often referred to as “McDonaldization.” The course focuses on diverse case studies to explore and discuss that possibility and also take into account emergent issues in relation to cultural globalization in the world we live in right now.

This course strengthens linguistic, cultural, and analytical skills through a focus on the economic and social realities of the United States and the United Kingdom. It develops the ability to understand, process, and critically interpret major economic concepts and historical contexts. The course emphasizes effective listening, note-taking, and building disciplinary vocabulary, and engages with essential notions in economics, social history, and contemporary societal issues.

This course explores the difference between the language of literature and the language of general communication. The course examines these topics by conducting close textual analyses on 19th- and 20th-century literary samples of poetry, novels, and theater.

This course examines concepts of justice and injustice as they apply to the social, spatial, and environmental realms—and to the intersections between them. It offers a critical exploration of the origins of these notions, the contributions of key thinkers, and the ways in which ideas of justice have circulated, been debated, and been mobilized across academic, social, and political spheres. The course focuses on applying these analytical frameworks to a range of spaces, including metropolitan areas, peripheral territories, and natural (protected) environments, in both the Global North and the Global South. From a methodological perspective, the course introduces students to actor-based analysis, critical source evaluation, and the processes of translating concepts and debates between Anglophone and Francophone academic and activist contexts.