France

This course introduces the basics of Microbiology; in particular, theoretical and practical knowledge of microorganisms and their characteristics, roles, importance, and methods of study.

This course uses a regional approach to highlight the main areas of conflict on the African continent. Using a reading grid based on an understanding of the spatial logics of actors in conflict, drawn from both history and the analysis of very contemporary phenomena and current events, this course differentiates between types of space and isolates their more or less belligerent characteristics. Drawing extensively on geography and the sociology of actors (polemology), this geopolitical analysis of the African continent uses methodological tools such as cartography and satellite imagery, as well as numerous readings, to review all of the continent's conflict zones. Examples highlight the use of geopolitical reasoning by political, military, and humanitarian decision-makers, as well as by economic players.

This course equips students with some of the knowledge and skills needed to work in international organizations. The first part of the course provides an overview of the core notions of International Law needed to understand the functioning of international organizations such as the sources of international law, the making of international treaties, or the areas of action of international law. The second part of the course examines the concrete functioning of international organizations by discussing the work of five global and regional organizations (with a focus on Europe and America), namely the Council of Europe, the European Union, the United Nations, the North Atlantic Treaty Organization, and the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe. The third part of the course provides a few practical tips for working in international organizations. The course includes guest lecturers with experience in working for/on international organizations.

This course covers the different groups that are or have been at some point in American history considered as minorities: ethno-racial minorities (especially African Americans, Hispanics, Asian Americans, Native Americans), immigrants, women, but also sexual minorities, religious minorities, and people with disabilities. Various issues are discussed such as the genesis of the notion of “minority,” discrimination, minority rights, and identity politics. By the end of the students can: understand past and current public policy debates in the United States regarding minorities; analyze these debates using the theoretical frameworks provided in class; draw connections between the policies pertaining to different minority groups.