French

This course introduces the scale of action taken by local authorities in France, and the political nature of the financial choices that accompany these interventions. Explaining the constraints to which the territorial public sector is subject, both institutionally and financially, and analyzing the reforms undertaken by the State lead to reflection on what decentralization represents in France today and how it is evolving. Learning outcomes include understanding the prospects for the evolution of territorial action in France, comparing this situation with other international models of territorial organization, and reflecting on the present and future role of local authorities in environmental transition policies, and how their financial choices may or may not contribute to this.

This workshop studies how to read and analyze journalistic content on cultural themes in a professional manner. It provides an opportunity to question journalistic expression by analyzing the facts and data it provides, the credibility of the information transmitted, and the meaning of their publication on certain dates and distribution platforms. The course examines quality, balance, and relevance of the sources; tone, rigor, and atmosphere of the expression; precision of the information; point of view of the narration; identification of the news; typology of the publications; analysis of the formats; and platforms of distribution.

This course examines the evolution of the historiography of the Cold War, with its recent transformations, to then analyze the nature of today's international relations marked by the “return of competition between the super powers,” an expression created by the Pentagon in 2016. The Chinese and Russian analyses of the evolution of the world that we have long called "Post-Cold War" is also studied.

This course focuses on oral comprehension. Within this course, activities and assessments are centered on listening to texts and conversational methods employed by French speakers to then accurately determine the content and context of what is being spoken in real time.