English

This course considers the limits and potential of using law to pursue justice and achieve social change. It looks at key goals of law reform (such as access to justice, rights and equality) as well as considers a different understanding of justice and what constitutes a just outcome. It focuses on the importance of the process of law reform and having an awareness of its social, historical, cultural and political dynamics, as well as the central role of community organizations in advocating for social and legal change. 

This course is part of the Laurea Magistrale degree program and is intended for advanced level students. Enrollment is by permission of the instructor. At the end of the course, the student: is able to understand the fundamental philosophical issues raised by law and their significance; has knowledge of legal-philosophical conceptions in their historical development, from their origins to contemporary perspectives, and can reconstruct how these conceptions provide answers to these issues; can critically evaluate the theoretical advantages and limitations of the various conceptions; possesses basic notions of legal theory and the theory of legal interpretation. The course consists of two parts:

• The first part (Conceptions of Law) introduces the three main conceptions of legal theory – natural law theory, legal positivism, and legal realism – and discusses their theoretical implications; then, some contemporary trends (law and economics, critical legal studies, and legal feminism) are introduced and discussed, also in connection with the traditional views.
• The second part (Hart: The Concept of Law) discusses in details H. L. A. Hart’s masterpiece “The Concept of Law” and its Postscript, also in the light of some contemporary debates in legal theory that derived from it: particularly the Hart-Dworkin debate, but also the debate on inclusive and exclusive legal positivism (Raz on authority).

This course teaches critical thinking approaches, methods, and techniques for evaluating information and making sound decisions. It examines misinformation, common logical fallacies, and misleading uses of statistics and data visualization, using everyday examples to build practical analytical skills. Emphasis is placed on assessing the credibility and validity of information in an environment saturated with competing claims. By strengthening the ability to identify and challenge misinformation, the course highlights the importance of critical thinking for informed decision-making, scientific literacy, and the functioning of democratic societies.

It is relatively easy to identify what we know about ourselves, others, our surroundings, or a given situation. But what are the processes through which we acquire and/or construct knowledge with which we operate as social actors? To answer this question, the course explores various sources of a) sociological theory and b) empirical social research on what certain groups of people know (also what they believe, what they doubt or reject) and how they know it. Cognition is discussed in a broad sense as social, cultural, mental, embodied, relational, and emotional.

The main content of this course consists of several kinds of polynomials of graphs, groups and graphs, and strongly regular graphs. It will enable the students know the algebric method to study combinatorial structures.

 Study the fundamentals of abstract algebra and number theory, including induction, strong induction and Well-Ordering axiom; Divisibility and prime factorization; Modular arithmetic; Permutations; Groups, Subgroups, Cyclic groups; Isomorphisms; Simple groups, Factor groups, Lagrange's Theorem; The First Isomorphism Theorem. Please note that lectures alternate during the week so that students can take any of MAM2012S, MAM2013S and MAM2014S concurrently. Course entry requirements: MAM1031F and MAM1032S or equivalent.

This introductory course explores the current role and relevance of international negotiation and examines its interaction with global governance. It is an invitation to enhance the use of certain analytical and investigative methods while deepening key concepts and theoretical approaches of political science. Combining theory, practice, experienced negotiators' insights and case studies, the course delves into the everyday reality of the international negotiations to grasp their diversity and coherence. Grounded in current international affairs, it invites students to engage in debates on the present and future use of international negotiation.

Friedrich Nietzsche infamously declared that God is dead. Later, Carl Jung diagnosed the distinctive illness of the twentieth century as that of a godless age in search of meaning. The twentieth century witnessed a rejection of old, official myths (God, the immortal soul, the nation state, etc.), which are supplanted by new ones that first emerge in so-called low, popular culture. Fantasy texts address various crises of meaning, by providing readers and audiences with new myths, new gods. This course explores the connections between fantasy, popular media and crises in the conception of the modern self, as mapped through events such as WWII, the Cold War, the Vietnam War, the Civil Rights Movement, the triumph of late capitalism, and present-day fundamentalist terrorism. Sigmund Freud asserts that fantasy fulfills unconscious wishes, or 'lacks'. What do our enduring popular myths of roughly the last 100 years reveal about us, individually and collectively? Why are characters like Aslan, Superman, Batman and Bilbo Baggins such enduring figures of the modern imagination, easily translating from medium to medium (cheap paperbacks and comics, to film and TV)? Do they represent a hunger for old authority? Or, could they be archetypes of new humanist liberation? The course addresses these questions and others through analysis of a selection of key comics and fantasy texts.

This course focuses on the functions of the animal cell integrated into tissue, covering and discussing regulation of Cell-to-Cell Junction, Cell-Cell Communication, Cell Signaling Pathways, Cell Division and Cell Death.  

Recommended course prerequisites at ICU: Foundation of Biology and Basic Concepts in Cell Biology. 

The notion of risk is central to areas such as economics, finance, medicine, and law as well as branches of philosophy such as ethics and epistemology. It is also a prominent part of ordinary everyday decision making. Risk is standardly understood in a probabilistic way, on which the risk of a given outcome is connected with the probability that the outcome will occur. In some recent philosophical literature, however, the dominance of this probabilistic approach has been challenged, and certain non-probabilistic conceptions of risk have been proposed. This literature serves the starting point for this course, but students go on to consider a much broader range of literature, drawing upon sources in psychology, risk management and legal theory. Specific topics to be covered vary from year to year but may include the ethics of risk imposition, risk-taking in extreme sport, the legal distinction between attacks and endangerments, and whether there is such a thing as a "de minimis risk" - a risk that is so small that it can be rationally ignored.