French

While questioning the relevance of the concept of the "Iranian world," this course provides fundamental knowledge in the political sociology of contemporary Iran and Afghanistan, from a comparative perspective. The course considers together the political, economic, and cultural developments of these two states over a long period, from the fall of Isfahan in 1722, under the blows of an Afghan invasion, to the fall of Kabul in 2021, via the Anglo-Persian war of Herat in 1856-1857 and the concomitant upheavals of 1978 and 1979. Methods of comparative politics are combined with those of connected history to better understand the "Iranian world" as a whole, as well as each of its two major components, highlighting their differences as much as their similarities. The comparative study of Islamic currents of thought in the two countries forms an important part of this course. This includes a focus on the Arab world, as well as the Indian subcontinent. Finally, while the course focuses on Iran and Afghanistan, it also includes Tajikistan, the only other state where Persian is the official language. The course includes a visit to the Guimet Museum.

This course is specialized for international students. It offers a contemporary history of political ecology in France, from the mid-19th century to present day. The course covers how the environmental issue has gradually become more and more political and cultural over the years, and how historiography has tended to favor the hypothesis of a delay in the emergence of this issue in France, in contrast to the situation in the United States. After recalling the main historical milestones (the creation of national parks in the United States, the National Trust in Great Britain), it looks at the first forms of identifying and safeguarding areas identified as "natural," using the example of tourism and the protection of remarkable sites. The course discusses how this process developed and amplified in the twentieth century, as industrialization and urbanization increased, with experiments such as allotments and debates on the return to the land; and finally, in the last third of the twentieth century, intellectual and popular movements took up environmental issues (Friends of the Earth, Larzac movement) and helped place them on the public agenda. The course reflects on the convergences and tensions as seen from the cities or from the countryside, by linking two historiographical traditions: urban and environmental history, and rural and agricultural history.

This course examines images and photography to understand the role perspective plays in interpretation and meaning.

This course examines the dynamics of contemporary racism in France through a knowledge of long history. It traces the genealogy of racism as it is expressed, both in the processes at work and in the debates that run through our society. To achieve this, the seminar focuses in particular, but not exclusively, on the legacy of our colonial past in terms of the expression of racism. This focus is directly linked to the lively debates that have arisen since the late 1990s as French society questions its colonial past. The seminar also develops the ability to reflect on the issues raised in a complex and problematized way.

This course offers a journey through the history of cinema through the prism of the notion of auteurs. It discusses when we start talking about filmmakers and directors, how they have established themselves over time, and when the director becomes an author. The course returns to the texts and films which marked the major stages of this history. Far from accepting this terminology as a fact, it discusses and retracing its history through American and European cinematography, demonstrating to what extent this history has contributed to shaping our contemporary understanding of cinema and cinema categories still widely used by the industry and institutions. Alongside the lecture course, the tutorial sessions focus on author-filmmakers who have favored improvisation work with the actors or alternative ways of considering the classic sequence between writing a script and work of the direction during filming. It examines how everyone finds themselves unique within a true cinematographic tradition inherited from the theater. This perspective makes it possible to go beyond the categories of documentary and fiction. This course notably address the works of Mike Leigh, Lionel Rogosin, Marguerite Duras, John Cassavetes, Maurice Pialat, Nicholas Ray, and Jean-François Stevenin, as well as the contemporary works of Abdelatif Kechiche, Rabah Ameur Zaïmeche, Tariq Teguia, Jean-François Stevenin, and Charles Hue.

This course covers how to select and control the implantation of a yeast strain; control fermentation kinetics by controlling temperature, oxygen, activators, and nutritional factors; follow the progress of alcoholic fermentation and malolactic fermentation using appropriate techniques and analyses to determine the time of runoff and the method of racking; remedy fermentation stops, select and control the implantation of a strain of lactic acid bacteria, control fermentation kinetics by controlling temperature and nutritional factors, and remedy fermentation stops; carry out microbiological control of the product adapted to market demand; and carry out microbiological analyses adapted to monitoring populations of yeasts, fermentative bacteria, and spoilage microorganisms at all stages of production.

This course introduces the issues associated with demographic growth, which has accelerated very significantly over the last half century to soon reach eight billion individuals today. It covers the issues of population geography which vary around inequalities in the distribution and evolution of the population; the challenges of sometimes too rapid growth in the urban population; and the consequences of increased life expectancy. The course studies new societal behaviors to decipher the issues associated with the evolution of pronatalist and matrimonial behaviors. Population migrations, although they are no longer the source of new settlements, constitute a major aspect of this course, and are examined under demographic, societal, and political facets. Finally, the course examines the environmental consequences.

This course provides an introduction to the major economic issues of our time in order to master conceptual and empirical tools. The teaching style reverses the way economics is traditionally taught; instead of starting with the derivation of models, this course starts with a historical or current question or issue and sheds light on it through the use of economic models and concepts. It covers both the benefits of modeling and the inevitable shortcomings of the models used. The course provides a better understanding of major contemporary debates and issues with a strong political and social dimension, such as inequality, climate change, the sources of prosperity and innovation, economic instability and crises, and economic and public policy. It offers a rigorous theoretical introduction informed by recent empirical research and incorporates recent advances in economics, including strategic interactions, contract and information theory, behavioral economics, and new experimental methods. Microeconomics and macroeconomics are treated jointly.

This course approaches the economics of refugees as a theme in its own right within the economics of migration. It provides a comprehensive overview of the contemporary issues involved in receiving people who are forced to move to developed countries. It considers subjects that the tools of economics can decipher and interconnect to inform public decision-making, such as international law, public policy, the behavior of populations in host countries, the impact on the labor market, and climate change, as well as NGOs, international institutions, and companies in the social economy. 

This course considers labor and its exploitation. It discusses the labor theory of value and the concept of exploitation in Marxian theory, as well as the criticisms and the ways they are overcome by analytical Marxism.