French

This course focuses on language rights as legal benchmarks for managing linguistic diversity, particularly in contexts marked by a high and unfair multilingualism. From a human rights perspective, it highlights how use of language or language preferences by government authorities, individuals, and other entities impacts protected individuals or minority groups who would otherwise be discriminated against or marginalized by the respective majorities.

This course provides a panorama of art history from the beginning of the 1900s to the 1950s, following the history of the avant garde in the United States and in Europe. Various topics are explored including color, movement, and deformation. These topics are treated in relation to fauvism, futurism, expressionism, cubism, dadaism, and surrealism, as well as the debut of abstraction and the numerous other schools of thought linked to modernity. Additionally, this course investigates the terms of modernity and contemporality to better understand the artistic revolution of the beginning of the 20th century.

This course addresses international issues regarding the foreign policies of France and the United States in the Middle East, a zone defined by international organizations as including North Africa and Iran but excluding Turkey, Afghanistan, and Pakistan. The course includes an interactive dimension which allows students to refine their understanding of the actors and challenges of this subject and to sharpen their critical thinking skills with the reading of various selected texts, including academic works, autobiographies of the stakeholders, and press articles.

This course covers the theorems usually used for numerical sequences and real functions, and their proofs. It discusses the main idea behind the construction of the integral in Riemann's sense, as well as how to write proofs, use the various notions, and independently study a numerical sequence or a given function. Topics include numerical sequences: theorems of monotonic convergence, adjacent and Cauchy sequences, notions of adherence values, upper/lower bounds and the Bolzano-Weierstrass theorem; local behavior of a function: theorems of extension by continuity and sequential characterization of continuity, applying this characterization to the limit of recurring sequences (a result accepted in advanced math), calculating derivatives, the Taylor-Young theorem, and the limited developments of reference functions, calculating limited developments to find limits and relative positions of curves; global behavior of a function: restoring and using the theorems of intermediate values, Heine, bijection, local extrema, Rolle and finite increments, Taylor with integral remainder and Taylor-Lagrange; Riemann integral: retaining the guiding idea behind the construction of the integral in the Riemann sense, demonstrating general results on the integral of functions, calculating integrals using primitives, integration by parts or change of variables, using the notion of comparison between Riemann integral and sum.