France

Meat consumption has long been an emotionally charged issue, but contemporary debates over the ethics of eating animals are growing increasingly heated, fueled by the fact that modern livestock agriculture is held responsible for approximately twenty percent of greenhouse gas emissions worldwide. This system's aim has always been to profitably produce an abundance of animal protein and it does so with tremendous efficiency; humans eat so many chickens today that chicken bones are considered one of the primary geological markers of the Anthropocene. Although this plenty provides essential protein for human diets, it also comes at an immense cost to environments, laborers, and the animals themselves and has resulted in the dramatic restructuring of lands, markets, and culinary practice worldwide. This course helps students understand how and why large-scale meat production became a central part of today's global food system. To do so, it combines approaches from environmental, economic, and culinary history and focuses primarily on the agricultural exchanges between Great Britain, Continental Europe, and the United States, both of which had outsized influence in shaping the contours of food production worldwide. The course develops a greater knowledge of the histories of agriculture, food commodity markets, and individual consumption in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries.

This course provides a platform for new thinking about international legal and institutional arrangements in the world of an urgent need for responsibility for the future. It also presents what role the United States and Europe play in this process. It considers whether global governance - a dynamic process in which legal, political, and economical arrangements unleash interests, change the balance of force, and lead to further reinvention of the governance scheme itself - and wider responsibility are possible.

This course covers the history of fashion from antiquity to the present day, since its first expressions in ancient times to its latest contemporary evolution. Through the study of fashion trends, clothing manufacturers, and critical commentary, the course analyzes the evolution of masculine and feminine silhouettes, as well as the links between the textile economy, clothing design, and the materials used to make clothing. These studies are based on emblematic visual and material objects to identify tools for describing the history of fashion and its obsessions. Each session revolves around one chronomatic issue in order to retell the history of clothing, silhouette, and the culture of fashion.

This course is an examination of Shakespeare's work and the cultural and literary background of the two plays HAMLET and AS YOU LIKE IT, studied in the accompanying tutorial course, SHAKESPEARE TUTORIAL. The course explores particularly the various genres of the plays, the theatrical conditions in Shakespeare's times, as well as more general cultural issues such as the Elizabethan world picture and the religious reformation.

This course considers the characteristics and political dynamics of the unprecedented geographical construction of the European Union. It is based on the interactive pedagogy of the flipped classroom: students appropriate resources and facts during the week and mobilize them in group work workshops during the course sessions. Students prepare and present serious simulation games.

This course discusses the evolution of industry, the production of goods through the transformation of raw materials or materials that have already undergone one or more transformations and the exploitation of energy sources. It focuses specifically on “Industry 4.0,” which refers to digital technological innovations. Additionally, the course covers lean management and its associated tools and methods. 

This course is specialized for international students. It studies basic texts of French and francophone literature, with a particular focus on the different styles used and topics approached. The course also discusses French history and how it is reflected in an authors' writing.

This course considers international law's dynamics in the modern world and delves into some of the pressing structural, institutional, and thematic challenges of the international legal order. It explores the potential and risks posed by evolving norms, new actors, and failing institutions. It also critically studies the capacity of international norms, international institutions, and judicial bodies to deal with global issues like climate change and environmental protection, the right to self-defense, peacekeeping, human rights and democracy, and international criminal justice. This course provides important legal knowledge, both in terms of concepts and methods, to hone analytical and problem-solving skills.

This course provides a historical, financial, political, and institutional overview of international financial architecture. The first part of the course reviews the progressive construction of the multilateral system over the last few centuries, with a specific focus on the main UN organizations, the Bretton Woods institutions, and multilateral development banks. In the second part, the course focuses on the limits of the current architecture in the face of the multiplicity of new global challenges (the fight against poverty and inequality, global warming and the protection of biodiversity, food and energy security, the response to pandemics). The course concludes with a reflection on possible ways forward for the current architecture, in an increasingly volatile economic, financial, and geopolitical context. 

This course offers an introduction to the fundamentals of political economy of international relations through the survey of international economic organizations and other global coordination attempts and development economics.
While reviewing all types of countries, it particularly focuses on least developed and transition economies, exploring the relationship between international economic organization mandates, policies, and economic development in
practice. The course does not require a significant background in economics but a fundamental understanding of micro- and macroeconomics is helpful. The course offers a review of theoretical and practical core knowledge and a systematic application through group case studies.