France

This course is composed of three parts: grammar and spelling, written comprehension, and written production. Grammar focuses on verbal morphology, morphologies of nouns, adjectives, determinants and pronouns, simple and complex sentence structures, use of the most frequent articulations, lexical spelling, and grammatical spelling. Written comprehension section focuses on written production for linguistic and lexical deepening. From various themes, the learner is led to produce different types of written texts (descriptions, stories, friendly letters, etc.) in relation to the grammar points studied. Finally, reading comprehension enables learners to read direct factual texts on various topics with a satisfactory level of comprehension in order to locate and understand global information, specific information, detailed information, word formation, punctuation, and text structure.

This course provides an introduction to financial economics. The course starts with a brief discussion of the functions of financial systems and a description of existing financial assets, financial intermediaries, and markets. The first part of the course deals with the time value of money and its applications, notably the pricing of risk-free bonds and the capital budgeting decisions by firms. The second part then introduces the notions of risky assets, risky returns, and risk aversion, and highlights the benefits of diversification. It presents the foundations of portfolio theory, explains the standard models of equity risk premia, and highlights some of their important applications. The last part discusses the efficient market hypothesis and the contending theories of behavioral finance.

This course explores how the internet has facilitated echo chambers and conspiracy theorist groups such as QAnon, specifically focusing on its effects on the 2016 American presidential election and the elections since. It examines contemporary American politics through the development of different digital tools, notably social networks, and the progressive digitalization of politics and American public politics. The course first covers the state of historical art and technology, then the different cognitive concepts that allow a better understanding of our relationship to the internet and digital technology. It considers the impact this has on the production of US public politics, the polarization in the country, and the presidencies of Donald Trump and Joe Biden.

This course provides an overview of imaging methods for the characterization of biological objects at scales ranging from micron to nanometer (light microscopy, epifluorescence microscopy, confocal microscopy, electron microscopy, near-field microscopy) in connection with academic and industrial research. The course covers image analysis and 3D reconstruction.