French

This course focuses on urban capitalism, understood as the link between a mode of production and a mode of relationship to space that are now dominant in the 21st century. On the one hand, space is a support for economic activities: contemporary restructurings of capitalism lead to socio-spatial dynamics (metropolization, gentrification, etc.). On the other hand, capitalism transforms cities through the production of real estate and infrastructure, now connected to the financial markets. Finally, the course questions the socio-spatial inequalities and crises associated with urban capitalism, as well as the resistance to it. At the crossroads of political economy, urban sociology and economic geography, the course familiarizes students with research on this topic through various media (scientific texts, documentaries, fieldwork). 

This course considers the issues of the contemporary world, in the light of the historical experiences of the last century and the current century. It is based on political history in the broadest sense, including social and cultural, economic and environmental issues, and informed by the work of other social sciences. The angle adopted focuses on the tensions between the quest for equality, the persistence and reconstruction of hierarchies, and the vigor of emancipation movements. These themes are addressed at the level of individuals, groups and states, in both domestic and international contexts, in close connection with the issues of violence, wars, and conflicts that punctuated the “short twentieth century”. Particular attention is paid to the global dimension of these phenomena, in the so-called “North” and “South” countries, before and after decolonization. The methodology emphasizes the reading and analysis of primary historical sources.

In today's world, challenges are incredibly complex, multifaceted, and often intersectoral. Given the complexities and interdependencies of the 21st century, scientific disciplines and their siloed knowledge production practices are no longer sufficient to fully grasp global problems and find solutions to them. Yet they remain the dominant knowledge structures through which the world is analyzed and explained. This course first explains the structuring and evolution of scientific disciplines. Then it addresses the notion of interdisciplinarity and the tools it offers for a more holistic understanding of international relations.

This course considers the issues of the contemporary world, in the light of the historical experiences of the last century and the current century. It is based on political history in the broadest sense, including economic, social, and cultural issues, and informed by the work of other social sciences. The privileged angle for approaching these two centuries is that of modernities, the discussions that this concept brings with it, and the issues that it covers: around the nation, violence, democracy, the welfare state, the environment, for example. Particular attention is paid to the conflicts that have arisen between different conceptions of modernity throughout the century. The approach is global, with particular attention to colonial and post-colonial contexts. 

This course examines the main aspects of intra-European mobility, whether legal, political, socio-economic, or cultural. It introduces the paradigm shift in intra-community migration and living together that goes hand in hand with this specific way of conceiving the cohesion of the European Union and its relationship with its neighborhood, making Europe at the beginning of the 21st century a laboratory for experimenting with a post-national citizenship. Analysis of reference texts and figures is supplemented by discussion time to help students reflect on their own experience as mobile citizens or, comparatively, on their experience of migration outside Europe and interculturality. Several case studies illustrate the analysis and highlight the diversity of situations that intra-European mobility can involve.

This course is based on a so-called “bottom-up” field approach in order to measure the social and societal effects of public policies in a different way. To illustrate this method, it draws on various visible situations related to migration: resurgence of shantytowns, increase in unaccompanied minors wandering around, etc., in order to analyze the sociological mechanisms at work within migrant groups, host societies, and countries of origin. This method uses social science research tools to be able to evaluate and then propose improvements to the policies and measures put in place. It is an introduction to action research based on a shared field diagnosis facilitating the acceptance of change and social innovation.

This course covers number theory. Topics include integers on a ring: completely closed rings, quadratic bodies, norm, trace, discriminant in the case of extensions of bodies. Example of cyclotomic bodies of degree p-1; Dedekind rings: Noetherian property; application to integer elements, fractional ideals, fraction rings, localization, group of fractional ideals, norm of an ideal, multiplicativity; decomposition of ideals in an extension: prime ideal, discriminant and ramification, quadratic and cyclotomic bodies of degree p-1, quadratic reciprocity law; class group and unit theorem: networks, canonical folding, statement and proof of the finiteness of the class group, statement of the unit theorem, illustration in the case of quadratic bodies, Fermat cases (or other Diophantine equations); analytical opening (Riemann zeta function, Dirichlet L-functions, Dedekind zeta functions, link to counting prime numbers and ideals).
 

This course focuses on French cities in the modern era. It explores in greater depth how, in concrete terms, French towns revealed the workings of modern France. Themes such as demography, society, economy, and cultural life, are covered.

The course is composed of 3 parts: phonetics, communication, and comprehension. The phonetics section covers: International Phonetic Alphabet, sounds of French language, notions of systems, combinatory phonetics, standard and regional accents, prosodic phenomena, contrastive and corrective phonetics, phonetic and musical transcription. The communication section covers: oral expression and oral presentation, argumentation. The comprehension section covers: exercises of note taking, technics of summary.

Economic science was built around the debate over the existence or otherwise of a harmonious, spontaneous order, ensuring the coordination of decentralized individual actions. The notions of order and disorder are understood by economists through the concepts of equilibrium, disequilibrium, optimum, crisis and regulation, as well as rationality and self-control. Equilibrium refers to a situation in which the plans of agents are compatible with each other, and in which the rational decisions of individuals are optimal and coherent. Imbalance, whether in the market or during individual decision-making, refers to the opposite situation. An equilibrium can be optimal, i.e. efficient, or sub-optimal; it can be stable or unstable, i.e. it can reproduce itself or not. This course examines how economic theories have historically tried to answer the question of whether the economy tends spontaneously towards a harmonious or optimal "natural" equilibrium or order, or whether it tends towards imbalance, disorder, crisis or the irrationality of individual decision-making. This questioning implies an inter-disciplinary reading of the discipline of economics, which itself draws on concepts of equilibrium and rationality from the natural and life sciences (such as physics, biology, neuroscience, etc.), as well as from other social and human sciences such as psychology, sociology, philosophy and anthropology.