Maastricht University - Center for European Studies

This biologically-oriented course gives students an introduction to generally applicable stages in learning and memory, namely encoding, storage, and retrieval. In addition, students are exposed to the different brain areas and structures that contribute to the different types of memory, and to the contribution of individual neurons to forming short- and long-term memory traces. This course aims to significantly deepen the students' concepts of working memory, episodic memory, different forms of conditioning, and skill learning, emotional learning, and learning by example. Insights into how memory works may help enhance memory and learning in many daily activities, educational contexts, and clinical contexts that involve revalidation after physical or emotional trauma, neurological disease, brain lesions, or aging. The course stimulates students to make the link between theoretical insights and applications. The corresponding practicals for this course are: Measuring Cognitive Functions 1, Measuring Cognitive Functions 2, Cognitive Disorders in Practice

This version of the Dutch Art History course includes an Independent Study Project (ISP) done under the direction of the instructor. The ISP is 10-12 pages and counts for 1/3 of the overall grade for the course. The course is about Dutch art – with an emphasis on painting. Since the Middle Ages, the Netherlands has played a pivotal role in the history of European art and culture. Dutch and Flemish artists were the first to use oil paints, the first to visually document the lives and cultures of ordinary people, and the first to produce art for a free market. Painters such as Van Eyck, Brueghel, Bosch, Rubens, Vermeer, Rembrandt, Van Gogh, and Mondrian are counted among the great masters of history. Their art embodies qualities that are believed to be typical for the country, such as a devotion to truthfulness, attention to detail, and a love of textures. But there were many more artists whose works are still considered among the most important in history – if only because they were the first to notice the mundane things nobody else had paid attention to, such as the beauty of a still-life or the wonders of a cloudy sky. From the late Middle Ages through the Renaissance and the Baroque to the modern era, Dutch artists have tried to come to terms with ever-changing principles and conceptions regarding the world around them and have been constantly improving techniques to visualize it. The results of their efforts are the subject of this course. The course mostly follows a chronological order. In the first lecture, the (religious) significance of art in the Middle Ages, the Renaissance, and the Baroque is introduced. In the following lectures, students are given an overview of the development of Dutch art from the Middle Ages to the modern era. The course includes tours to various museums in Mauritshuis and the Hague. 

The first part of this course is on the molecular and cellular biology of the nervous system. Focus is on the neurotransmission process, in particular the role of neurotransmitter receptors as a basis for understanding the mode of action of Central Nervous System (CNS) drugs. The second part of the course gives an overview of the major classes of a number of CNS drugs: the hypnotics and sedatives, the anxiolytics, and the drugs used to treat CNS degenerative disorders. The pharmacology of these drugs is put in the perspective of their clinical use. The final part of the course is devoted to illicit drugs, their acute and long term effects, and their potential as medicines.

Long before Western people in the sixties and seventies tried out psychedelics for recreational and therapeutic purposes, other cultures had already been using them for ages because of their therapeutic potential. This “psychedelic wave” in the West scared off politicians leading to a scheduling of these substances and a halt to scientific research into the effects of those substances. In the nineties, placebo-controlled studies emerged looking into the negative effects of these drugs due to reports that these users might be cognitively impaired after abundant use of a number of these substances. Two decades later however, after the negative effects had been demonstrated to be limited, when used in moderate amounts, and after the substances appeared to be relatively safe, research into the positive effects started rising and it is blossoming today. While previously only a handful of labs investigated these effects, new research labs in other countries are emerging. The therapeutic potential of psychedelics is now being widely investigated and two companies are now setting up trials in psychiatric patients in order to demonstrate the therapeutic potential of these compounds. Their aim is to have those substances approved as a psychiatric medicine within a few years. While psychedelic research is experiencing a renaissance, it is still treated as the “bad daughter” in psychiatric settings and frowned upon by the general public. From the patient side however, there is a large demand for effective and alternative treatments since treatment is not a “one-size-fits-all” thing and many of those patients fail to benefit from current treatments, leaving them in distress and despair with a pessimistic view on their future. This course educates students about the positive and negative effects of these substances. Through the course students are able to communicate to the lay audience and to patients in an objective way what the current state of affairs is.

In this course, students learn to use neuroscience methods to study the cognitive development of infants, children, and adolescents. The course begins with the various methods used in developmental cognitive neuroscience, such as pediatric and infant MRI, EEG, and fNIRS. In this context, students uncover and discuss the benefits and challenges of each approach and the feasibility of studying different age ranges. The course then examines typical brain development as assessed with in vivo MRI (including trajectories of white & gray matter over the life span). Next, are more specific aspects of cognitive development such as the development of visual processes where students learn how learning to read affects the brain and how regions involved in face processing develop throughout childhood to support important social functions such as face recognition. Topics are approached using a mix of formats including active participation, working in subgroups, presentations, short lectures, and videos.

Systems biology is a new approach to biological and biomedical research based on a more holistic perspective and relies on the use of mathematical and computational models, with complementing experiments in the lab.  This course provides an overview of systems biology and its building blocks, experimental approaches, and a variety of mathematical models and tools. Students are introduced to the mathematical basis of dynamic systems, networks, and constraint-based modeling.  Examples used in the course include cancer metabolism (molecular modeling), neuroscience (tissue-level modeling), and diabetes (whole-body level modeling). Practical skills are trained by carrying out computer experiments. 

This course focuses on brain-behavior relationships from a developmental perspective. It increases understanding of how healthy children and adolescents (or brains) function and how brain disease, brain injury, or developmental disorders, such as ADHD, autism spectrum disorders, and learning disabilities, express themselves and interfere with the demands of daily life. Relevant topics in this context are behavior, higher cognitive functions (e.g., executive functions, memory, attention), and the level of interactions a child has with his environment since these elements determine how well individuals cope and participate in daily life situations. Normal and abnormal brain and cognitive development are discussed in preschoolers, school-aged children, and adolescents. During the course, students gain insights into (1) developmental changes in brain structure, brain functioning, and cognitive functions; (2) the clinical phenomenology of the most important developmental disorders; (3) the underlying brain-behavior relationships in these disorders; and (4) diagnosis and treatment. Students also gain experience in the selection, administration, and interpretation of commonly used neuropsychological tests, measuring the above-mentioned domains of higher cognitive functions and behavior.

This course makes students familiar with diverse aspects of human behavior in organizations. The course considers the following: how organizations select good employees, how organizations maintain a healthy and motivated workforce, effective leadership styles, and the characteristics of high-performing teams. An array of different topics from work and organizational psychology are studied such as work stress, occupational health, emotions in organizations, leadership, personnel selection, work motivation, and teamwork. The course consists of lectures, assignments, and a group project in which students focus on one of the topics mentioned above.  At the end, there is a ‘mini conference’ in which groups present the results of their group work.

In this course, the core processes for developing theory-and evidence-based interventions are highlighted. Several topics in the field of applied psychology are discussed, such as socio-economic health inequities, safe sex, as well as sustainability topics such as pro-environmental behaviors. The application of the role of reserve capacities such as psychological and social capital, or stigma are reviewed. The course concludes with first-hand examples of existing behavior change programs, from problems they target and who are involved, to theory and empirical evidence, to development, implementation, and evaluation.