Denmark

In computing, there is continual tension between time usage and space usage, and what can be computed and what cannot be computed at all. The purpose of this course is to explore these issues. Topics covered include: regular languages; context-free language; Turing machines; decidability; reducibility; complexity; complexity classes (P, NP, PSPACE, EXPSPACE, L, and NL); intractability. Also covered in this course are: computational models such as finite automata, pushdown automata, and Turing machines, the languages recognized by some of these models, and techniques for showing their limitations, such as the pumping lemmas for regular and for context-free languages; the power and limits of algorithmic solvability, with focus on the computationally unsolvable Halting problem; the reducibility method for proving that additional problems are computationally unsolvable; how to analyze algorithms and their time and space complexity and how to classify problems according to the amount of time and space required to solve them; known computational problems that are solvable in principle but not in practice, i.e., intractable problems. Students obtain the following skills; reading and writing specifications of languages using computational models and grammars; classifying given languages according to type (regular, context-free, etc.) and algorithmic problems according to complexity (time and space); showing the equivalence between certain machine models; presenting the relevant constructions and proofs in writing, using precise terminology and an appropriate level of technical detail. Prerequisites: Basic algorithms and discrete mathematics course(s).

This course on conflict analysis and negotiation design offers valuable knowledge and skills to students in fields involving the environment, land use, urban planning, or natural resource management. In order to prepare for a profession involving public policy decision making, a process which involves negotiation of scientific knowledge against values, concerns, and conflicting interests of the public, students are provided with skills to tailor a negotiation process at both the personal and process level to a specific conflict. Themes covered in this course include discourse, culture, institutions, power, capacity, incentives, cognition, and several social psychological factors. Additionally, students learn that a universal approach to conflict management is not equally effective in different countries, and that they must educate themselves on the political culture and social values of the people with whom they are working in order to find success in natural resource decision making. Students practice implementing their knowledge and skills through group discussions as well as an individual project report on a real life case of their choosing.

This course looks at the nexus of identities, digital data and technologies, and methods, drawing on literature from anthropology, social data science, science and technology studies, and related fields. The course considers how identities have creatively flourished, but also provides a critical interrogation of how gender, race, and other forms of difference and inequality are reproduced in and through digital data and technologies. This course begins with considering the history of digital data and technologies, and the methods and tools used to understand digital identities from the fields of anthropology and data science. This includes examining differing approaches to ethics in these fields. The course also explores theories about identity and different ways identities are constructed and performed through digital technologies, such as social media, internet cultures, and fitness trackers. It also explores the identities of those who design and build these technologies, the politics and norms reproduced through technologies themselves, and the effects they have with particular attention to the role of gender and race. Finally, the political economic contexts of these technologies and the formation of digital identities are considered.

The course focuses on the international systems for the protection of human rights. Its purpose is to make students familiar with the institutional mechanisms and substantive provisions in force at the global and regional levels to protect human rights in the United Nations, European, American and African regimes of protection. The class addresses the key challenges in current international human rights law through a number of thematic explorations of topical issue areas and clusters of complementary rights and obligations. Throughout the semester, the class is required to discuss and provide critical perspectives on the case law of international courts and tribunals in light of theoretical and academic perspectives. Students also consider the institutional viability of the current regime(s) and the opportunities and difficulties of pushing forward the overall normative agenda of international human rights law.

Health policy is a core component of western welfare states. It is also a very complex and contested policy field where hierarchical, market, clan, and network based governance forms meet and sometimes conflict. A diverse range of national and international actors influence health policymaking. This seminar provides an introduction to comparative health policy analysis as a method for analyzing and comparing health systems. Nordic health systems are used as case examples, but comparisons are made to other types of health systems in Europe. Theories from comparative health policy, public administration, and health economics are presented as frameworks for analyzing differences and similarities.

In recent years, the application and integration of neuroscientific tools, knowledge, and theories in marketing and consumer research have increased steadily. There is an increased interest in investigating implicit and unconscious processes with the help of neuroscientific methods in order to better understand decision-making. Despite this interest, there are still problems and limitations of this newly emerged research field and it needs to be clarified what can and what cannot be done using neuroscientific research methods in a consumer research context. Therefore, the aim of this course is a review and discussion of recent scientific and methodological developments about benefits and limitations as well as ethical considerations associated with the integration of neuroscientific research into marketing research. Against this background, the course includes the following general key themes: introduction into consumer neuroscience and neuromarketing; basics in structural and functional brain anatomy and neuroscientific methods; consumers' decision-making with insights from consumer neuroscience/neuromarketing; marketing-mix (4 P's) and insights from consumer neuroscience/neuromarketing; ethical considerations.

This course is a study of the foreign policy of post-Soviet Russia and its neighbors, and it provides an overview of international relations in this region. It argues that in order to better understand the behavior of post-Soviet states in the international arena, students must examine not only political, but also cultural, historical, and religious phenomena. This course focuses on factors shaping the collective identities of international actors, including the role of Orthodox Christianity, dominant ideologies, geography and perception of space, literature, arts, and creative imagination.

This course covers the following: sequences of random variables, almost sure convergence, Kolmogorov's 0-1 law; the strong law of large numbers; weak convergence of probability measures; characteristic functions; the central limit theorem; triangular arrays and Lindebergs condition; the multivariate central limit theorem; the ergodic theorem.