French

This course offers a reinterpretation of contemporary French history, drawing on the insights of women's and gender history, a field that has developed over the past 40 years. Major periods in French history are revisited from the perspective of women, spanning from the French Revolution in 1789 to May 1968, from industrialization to the tertiarization of society, and examining the evolution of the family and issues related to sexualities. Historical overviews are provided to illuminate current debates within feminist circles and society concerning gender-related questions. By reinserting women into historical narratives, major political (access to citizenship and suffrage), economic, and social (access to work and professions) timelines are re-examined. Significant attention is paid to the historian's sources—from written documents to everyday objects—to write a history of women on the following themes: women's bodies, their place in the family, at school, at work, and in the public sphere.

This course presents fundamental elements for the numerical approximation of mathematical models used in mechanics, particularly partial differential equations (PDEs). The focus is limited to linear diffusion and advection phenomena, which are common to many equations encountered in mechanics. Most of the course is devoted to the finite difference method for one‑dimensional problems. Key concepts such as accuracy, stability, convergence, numerical diffusion, and numerical dispersion are studied in detail. Practical examples are used to illustrate these concepts, including the heat equation, pollutant advection in a river, and acoustic wave propagation.

This course presents the different ways in which 20th‑century anthropology has studied forms of political organization around the world. After establishing the universality of politics, anthropology has sought to examine societies’ relationships to the state—that is, the variability of cultural choices regarding the centralization or decentralization of power. The course also explores anthropology’s relationship to colonialism, neo‑colonialism, and post‑colonialism, from the late 19th century to the present day. In addition, it introduces a more materialist approach to politics, emphasizing the importance of the production and circulation of material wealth in the political organization of societies. The course concludes with an outlook toward further study, while highlighting how political anthropology is practiced in the 21st century.

This course examines the criteria used to define and describe syntactic units, with particular attention to the distinction between a logical‑grammatical approach and a rhetorical‑hermeneutic approach. These theoretical distinctions are explored through analytical exercises based on a variety of texts representing different discourse types and genres.

This course examines how a transnational poetic and artistic movement emerged in response to the Spanish Civil War (1936–1939). The assassination of Federico García Lorca catalyzed a broad mobilization of Spanish poets and, soon after, of international writers and artists such as Pablo Picasso, David Alfaro Siqueiros, Pablo Neruda, W. H. Auden, Louis Aragon, and Paul Éluard in support of the Republican cause. Through close readings of works by García Lorca, Miguel Hernández, Rafael Alberti, and Neruda—written within or in reaction to the conflict—the course analyzes how poetry confronts historical crisis and transforms political events into aesthetic expression. In parallel, it studies the formation of institutions and networks that united artists worldwide, using this “artistic international” as a framework to reflect on the historical role of poets, translators, and visual artists.